How to design a website
Why good web design is better than it looks
On the internet, form is function. The most successful and effective online experiences are a combination of a site’s operation and its look-and-feel.
Digital design inherits many of the principles of traditional print design, including:
- Typography (serif vs. sans-serif, kerning, tracking, and leading / line height)
- Grid systems and alignment (margins, padding, and empty space)
- Colour theory (the colour wheel; colour harmony and schemes)
However, digital and print design are fundamentally different.
The difference between web and print
There are fundamental differences between the technical requirements for print and digital design elements.
Producing a newsletter for print, for instance, is a different set of requirements for reproducing the same newsletter online.
Some of the basic differences between digital and print are:
- Colour models: Web uses RGB for screens, while print uses CMYK.
- Image resolution: Web images are 72dpi while print images are 300dpi.
- Image formats: Web relies on PNG, JPG, and SVG; print uses PDF, EPS, and TIFF.
- Fonts: Sans-serif fonts are easier to read on screens, while serif are easier to read in print. Print fonts are a one-time purchase or included with desktop software, web fonts are subscription-based (requiring web licensing) or free (e.g. Google Fonts)
- Interaction and flexibility: Web design is interactive with flexible layouts that adapt to screen sizes; print is a fixed layout.
Elements of good digital design
User Interface (UI): the aesthetics of the site’s appearance
- Simplicity: Clean and uncluttered designs incorporate visual elements and white space to improve usability and focus.
- Visual hierarchy: Arranging elements to direct the user’s eye to key information first. This approach is guided by concepts such as Proximity Principle and Fitts’ Law.
- Navigation: Ensure the site is intuitive, allowing users to find information quickly and easily.
- Consistency: Uniform usage of fonts, colours, link and button styles across the site creates a professional experience.
- Responsiveness: A website should work on all screens, including mobile and tablet.
User experience (UX): how the user interacts with the site
A user’s experience of a website encompasses their emotions and perceptions of a website: how they travel through it, how it responds to their clicks, the time this takes – and the feedback it gives them.
The primary goal of good UX is ease of use. To achieve this, good web design incorporates the following:
- Information Architecture (IA): Structuring, organising, and labelling content to make digital products intuitive, findable, and navigable.
- Fast load times: Fast-loading sites improve user retention and lift the site’s score for search engine optimisation (SEO).
- Interactive elements and feedback: Properly functioning elements like search, shopping carts and interactive menus, along with visual feedback such as hover and click effects, help users feel in control.
- Accessibility: Standards such as the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines to ensure the site is usable by people with disabilities, but also encourage good web design practices.
Our web design process: five steps
Count them on one hand
- Discovery and planning. Review with the client and stakeholders; confirm the brand requirements and business overview, the target audience, deliverables, budget and timeline. Draft a brief.
- Draft IA and wireframes. Information architecture demonstrates the structure of the content. Low-fidelity black-and-white wireframe sketches focus on content placement, UX and UI. Review with the client and sign off.
- Draft designs. Present as flat art in Figma or similar app. Homepage design sets the tone for the rest of the site. A structured feedback phase ensures the visual style meets user expectations.
- Build. Implementing the signed-off designs in a live development site is the true test of the design. Code the frontend / backend, implement the visual elements and set up content management systems; review; update. Test on different platforms.
- Launch. Deploy the development site to a live server. Test layout and functionality (e.g. forms). Make adjustments, bug fixes, client changes as required. Provide post-launch support to the client. Monitor the site performance and provide support going forward.